What may occur when the liquid in a cargo tank moves due to sudden vehicle movement?

When liquid in a cargo tank moves due to sudden vehicle movement, it creates a phenomenon known as surge. Surge refers to the rapid and often violent movement of the liquid within the tank, which can occur as a result of an abrupt stop, acceleration, or sharp turns. This movement can lead to various effects, such as shifting the center of gravity of the vehicle, which can affect handling and stability. Understanding surge is critical for safe transportation of hazardous materials, as it can lead to potential accidents if not properly managed.

While spillage could occur if the surge is significant and leads to overfilling or if the tank is inadequately sealed, the question specifically addresses the movement of liquid in the cargo tank itself, making surge the correct and more directly relevant concept. Static shock and cooling do not describe the behavior of the liquid with respect to sudden vehicle movements, as they refer to different physical phenomena that are not related to tank dynamics in motion.